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Abstract: In this practice just Toyota Thailand for some time, and make my car's structure to a certain extent understanding, through personal practice and study, I would like to crown my thoughts turn to the braking system. Crown cars are luxury cars, the braking performance is excellent, not only with ABS anti-lock system, more VSC drivers slip and prevent skidding system, in the following paper, I put the crown is divided into six parts, brake system talk. Mainly on the part of the testing and maintenance.
Key words: routine maintenance, ABS, VSC, brake master cylinder, vacuum booster, brake
1, Crown basic types of brake systems
from layout point of view, the crown is used in car anti-four-sensor four-channel layout. The arrangement is to make brake system more secure, and better control effect. Judging from the brake mode, the brake caliper disc brake set way. Brake drum brake disc compared to its more stable braking force even more power, performance in a variety of road and more excellent heat dissipation Ye Hao, but the costs are higher, the Crown luxury sedan cars are used disc brakes is also a matter of course. In the configuration point of view, the Crown cars with VSC system and ABS system. ABS and VSC systems, not only crown car wheel in the braking process is not locking to ensure that the direction of the basis of stability, but also make the car in the turning process does not produce sideslip, more slippery surface, they can prevent the drive skid. View from the booster mode, a help mode vacuum booster, a more conventional way of help.
Second, the conventional brake system maintenance
1
brake pads brake system maintenance, brake pads are the most basic, when the brake pads worn to the limit, the If not promptly replaced, the brake disc will have a great damage, and even there not brake car, indicating the maintenance of the brakes of crucial importance. The brake maintenance, mainly in the thickness, crown car standard thickness of brake pads: front brake pads 12mm, after the brake is 10.5mm, theoretical minimum thickness of 1mm. For the four S store, the crown is 5000 km for a car maintenance, brake pads, if thin, can not run the next maintenance we will advise clients to change brake pads. For the installation of brake pads have to pay attention to some small areas, such as: alarm installation piece, mute film installation, check whether the card slip off dead or moving.
2
car brake disc brake, which is by the brake disc and brake pads to generate friction between the brake force, brake disc braking effect is affected directly, for brake disc I think the most important to pay attention to three aspects:
(1) the thickness of the brake disc
crown standard brake disc thickness, after the front brake disc 28.0mm brake discs 10.0mm; front brake disc minimum thickness of 26.0mm, brake minimum thickness 8.5mm; when the brake disc wear has reached the limits should be given to replace.
(2) the brake disc deflection
brake disc with a dial indicator at a distance of 10mm measured at the outer edge, if the brake disc deflection ≥ 0.05mm, then change the system the installation disk and axle dynamic position in order to minimize the swing, change the installation location if the swing is also more than the maximum, then check the clearance between the bearing and axle shaft wheel deflection, if the gap between the shaft bearings and axle hub deflection are normal, and brake disc thickness within the specified scope, then the repair brake disc.
(3) the brake disc surface smoothness
replacement brake piece, if the brake disc surface uneven, generally wavy, because the new surface is a plane brakes, brake pads and face different brake discs, brake discs at this time needs to be trimmed, so face consistent with the brake pads.
3 brake fluid replacement and supplement
crown car brake fluid used in brake fluid for the Toyota brand pure (DOT3), the provisions of Toyota Crown car every 40,000 km or two years (the first in the subject) to replace a brake fluid, brake fluid is mainly because of strong moisture absorption, with the growth in use of time, will gradually increase its water content, so that brake fluid boiling point lower brake system is also prone to vapor lock phenomenon.
replacement brake fluid, because the brake fluid reservoir fluid chamber is taking the time, the brake master cylinder into the air, so every time replacement master cylinder brake fluid should be ranked on the air. Specific practices: starting the engine, a person in the car brakes, the first step on the brake repeatedly, and then slam the brakes, another person in the car below the vinyl tube connected to the discharge hole, the pine nut oil and opening up, release brake liquid, when the brake fluid is no longer out of time, strong oil drain nut; repeated the above operation, we can master cylinder air out. The other three tires in the same row of the air. But note that each row of air from the pipeline to be waiting in line the longest, according to the order of the four tires put on the air-oil nut have to row. In the row of air and discharge circuit when the old oil, brake fluid should be careful not to spray paint on, because the brake fluid is highly corrosive, so if accidentally sprayed paint on the brake fluid, immediately wipe clean with a cloth or wash with water.
when found brake fluid level low, needs additional time, usually to check the brake system, especially the brakes, because in general, brake fluid will not be small, unless the brake a thin film or circuit leakage. Experienced mechanic can see the brake fluid surface height of the thickness of brake pads.
Crown car and a function room storage solution, liquid level alarm that is in the Crown car at the bottom of liquid storage chamber has a liquid level sensor, usually soaked in brake fluid which, when the liquid level too low, the sensor is not immersed in brake fluid inside when the dashboard lights up the fault, then hasten to add brake fluid, so as not to affect the normal operation of the braking system.
below normal routine I crown car repair and maintenance for the case of small failure to talk about.
example of a crown mileage 20,000 km
failure phenomenon: the car for 20,000 km maintenance, the owners said that when the left front wheel brake there abnormal sound, for unknown reasons.
fault analysis: abnormal sound braking, there are several possibilities, (...) , such as brake pads have wear to the limit, given the alarm sounds; brake lining material issues; brake discs and brake pads in the workplace between bad.
Diagnosis: According to the owners of reaction, we push up the car, remove the tire and found the inside of the left tire to the brake pads have wear limit, but the front of the other three were given only a third of the One can see that the phenomenon of brake pads in abnormal wear, the brake pads in abnormal wear There are several reasons, such as brake pad material itself, but this case are minimal, basically ruled out; Brake Cylinder deactivation or back bit difficult to observe the brake wheel cylinder, slave cylinder is no dirt, no dust cover wear, with a special tool to press the bottom, it's very easy, the owner did not reflect the situation in that the brake bite disk, basically ruled out the possibility of slave cylinder failure; sliding off stuck or moving his hand pull feel the movement of sliding sales and found sliding movement in the process of selling point card dead, found the problem, carried out on the sales slip cleaning, re-branded butter, bottles and slide off and put new brake pads, brake by foot, so that dynamic braking clamp and release the brake, turn the brake disc, brake pads back to normal subjects, failure to eliminate.
instance 2, Crown mileage 53,000 km
failure phenomenon: the replacement of brake pads, the braking direction of shaking, while in between the brake pedal to release the abnormal sound and.
Failure Analysis: braking direction of shaking a big problem that may arise in the brake disc, the consumer should be between abnormal sound caused by the film.
Diagnosis: After changing brake pads, brake feel the direction of jitter, while the brake depressed and the release of the moment, a kind of friction between a sharp metallic sound, as reflected by the owners of the situation, our hearts the degree of certainty, such a situation is familiar for us, braking direction jitter, should be the brake disc surface caused by the uneven, sharp sound should mute the sound chip,. Remove the tire and further confirmed and found that the surface of the brake disc does have a lot of deep grooves, beats for the measurement of disk surface 0.13mm, after owners agreed on the brake disc to disc; in brake pads and tablets and mute mute mute film and film contact surface is also coated with a thin layer of butter, to do all the work, the re-installed everything, to test, fault disappears.
Third, the \. ABS braking system, both normal brake function, but also to prevent wheel lock, so that cars can still turn in under braking to ensure that the direction of vehicle braking stability; preventing skidding and wandering, is the car the most advanced, best braking brakes.
(1) ABS basic structure and principles of
crown car from the wheel speed sensor ABS, brake pressure regulator device, the electronic control unit and ABS light composition. Crown cars are installed in each wheel, a speed sensor, electronic control unit according to wheel speed sensor signal input of the motion state of each wheel to monitor and judge, and the control instruction corresponding Xing Cheng. Brake pressure regulator device composed mainly by the pressure regulator valve, electric pump and the accumulator of the composition composed of an independent entity, through the brake pipe and brake master cylinder and wheel cylinder is connected. Brake pressure regulator device controlled by the electronic control devices, on the brake wheel cylinder brake pressure regulator.
ABS work process can be divided into conventional brake, the brake pressure to maintain the brake pressure and brake pressure reduction phases. In conventional braking phase, ABS does not intervene in braking pressure control, pressure regulator valve assembly of the solenoid valve into the fluid and not power is turned on, not all the electricity and liquid solenoid valve is turned off, the electric no electricity running the pump, brake master cylinder to the brake wheel cylinder brake lines are in the communication state, the brake wheel cylinder to the accumulator in the brake lines were closed, and each brake wheel cylinder system dynamic pressure with the master cylinder output pressure to change, then the braking process and the conventional brake system during braking are identical. In the braking process, the electronic control unit based on wheel speed sensor input wheel speed signal tends to locking the wheels when judged, ABS anti-lock braking pressure to enter the adjustment process. For example, the electronic control devices tends to judge the right front wheel locking, the electronic control device to control the right front wheel scraping on the dynamic pressure solenoid valve into the fluid power, hydraulic solenoid valve to make the right move into the closed state, the brake master cylinder output of the system liquid is no longer moving into the right front wheel brake cylinder, this time, right front end of a hydraulic solenoid valve remains energized and is turned off, right front wheel brake cylinder in the brake fluid will not flow, right front wheel brake cylinder pressure to keep moving scraper certain, while the other end of locking wheel brake pressure tends to remain with the brake master cylinder output pressure increases; If the right front brake wheel cylinder brake pressure to maintain a certain time, the electronic control device determine the right front still tend to locking, electronic control unit has a liquid solenoid valve to the right front has turned into electricity and the right front wheel brake cylinders in the part of the brake is turned on after wave will be of the liquid flow back into the liquid reservoir solenoid valve so right front wheel brake cylinder pressure to rapidly reduce the right front brake for locking the trend will start to eliminate, with the right front brake wheel cylinder brake pressure decreases, the right front wheel in the vehicle under the influence of inertia force is gradually accelerated; when electronic control unit based on wheel speed sensor input signal to determine the right front wheel locking tendency has been completely eliminated, the electronic control device to make the right move liquid solenoid valve and fluid power solenoid valves, the inlet valve into the open state solution and launched a liquid solenoid valve into the closed state, but also to power electric pumps running, pumping the brake wheel cylinder brake fluid from the brake master cylinder brake fluid output by the solenoid valve into the right front wheel brake cylinder, so that the right front brake wheel cylinder brake pressure increases rapidly, then opened the right front wheel lift slow rotation. ABS by making the wheel brake pressure tends to locking the cycle and will tend to hold anti-slip rate control wheels, sliding friction coefficient in the peak rate in the vicinity, until reduced to very low vehicle speed or brake master cylinder Frequently the pressure is no longer so when the wheels tend to locking up. Brake pressure control loop frequency up to 3 ~ 20HZ. Corresponding to the ABS brake wheel cylinders each into each of the liquid and the liquid solenoid valves, electronic control devices can be controlled separately, so the brake wheel cylinder brake pressure can be independently adjusted so that the four wheel brake locking phenomena do not occur.
(2) ABS maintenance and overhaul Note
ABS systems work with high reliability, usually without their regular special maintenance, use and maintenance in the process, should be special attention in the following areas.
a position in the ignition switch is in the ignition, do not dismantle the system of electrical components and wiring harness plug, should be first ignition is off.
b do not supplied to the electronic control unit high voltage, or easily damage the electronic control unit, so the engine must not start with a charger, do not connect the battery and the car was the case for charging the battery .
c electronic control devices are also prone to damage by collision, therefore, to note from the impact of electronic control devices, and percussion.
d Do not let the oil contamination of electronic control devices, particularly electronic control device terminals have to pay attention to; otherwise make poor contact pin wiring harness plug.
f do not make the wheel speed sensor and sensor ring gear free from oil or other dirt; Otherwise, the wheel speed sensor speed signal generated may be able to not accurate enough. Affect control precision, and even the system does not work. Also, do not hit speed sensor; otherwise easily lead to sensor degaussing phenomenon occurs, thus affecting the system work.
g in the maintenance of the brake fluid system after the air should be excluded ABS, for the crown, the use of specialized computer in his Toyota for air exclusion.
h should be used automobile tire manufacturer recommended, if you use other types of tires, should be chosen and used the original tire diameter, adhesion properties and moment of inertia similar to the tires, but not with different size tires because this will affect the control effect of anti-lock control system
following ABS's fault I have with everyone split.
example of a crown mileage 25,000 km
failure is the phenomenon: ABS fault lights yellow.
fault analysis: ABS fault lights, indicate a failure, the car has no anti-lock brake function, then the first vehicle fault diagnosis should, in general, you first read the fault. Then according to fault diagnosis as shown in the content.
fault diagnosis: a crown for the new, does not have the manual to read fault codes function, only with specific recommendations for diagnosis diagnosis, diagnostic results for the right-rear wheel speed sensor output voltage is low, Brake Assist system not often work because the two fault codes have a relationship with the wheel speed sensors, we first detect the sensor, remove the tires, set aside under the sensor terminals to measure its resistance, resistance to 1400 ohms no exception, check the sensor bond strap or a short circuit, remove the sensor, the sensor head has not dirt and scratches, installed sensors, not connected to the connector terminal, and connected to the oscilloscope, start the engine so the car to idle, observe the voltage, the voltage between 0.3 and 1, is also normal, indicating sensor is good, the problem is not sensor. At this point we suspected the sensor to the ABS computer circuit or short circuit between the lines, the ignition switch is OFF, ABS with a multimeter measuring computer RR + and RR-terminal resistance value between the 1400 Ohm, RR-terminal and body measurements bond strap on-off, the results do not turn to illustrate the line between the sensor to the ABS there is no problem. Sensor can not find the problem, the interruption has nothing to do with the sensor. The next step, check on the fuse, finally found in the inspection process, the main fuse burned, put a new fuse, eliminating fault code, to road test, fault light is not re-lit, eliminating the interruption.
instance 2, Crown mileage 113235
failure phenomenon: a crown car has been running 120 000 km, (...) , has been the normal maintenance of the braking system. In ran a long distance and found Always ABS fault lights, brake pull from time to time with the phenomenon, and no ABS function. The car has had a local repair garage, was not Always ABS light, but not with anti-lock braking system features.
fault analysis: ABS fault light when the brake light is produced without anti-lock braking effect and pull with the phenomenon is normal. Because, 在 ABS system is generally designed to be a remedy Measures by way 当 ABS system failure, the vehicle braking system can still have ordinary brake Xiao Guo. However, if the ABS light not Always, it should not produce brake locking phenomenon, which the two are mutually contradictory.
Diagnosis: This car although not Always ABS fault lights, but when the first use of the car repair faults from the fault diagnosis function for the transfer of code. Operation as follows:
(1) the ignition switch to \
(2) the engine compartment lid open fault diagnosis socket, according to cover the icon with the cross-wiring to connect Tc feet and E1 feet.
(4) under the instrument panel ABS fault lights flicker frequency reading. ? By more than a few steps, it was discovered ABS fault lights do not flash. This phenomenon indicates that there are two possibilities, one computer is not available from the consultation function; Second, after the dashboard light circuit failure.
Unplug the ABS computer connector, check the TC terminal and diagnostic line between Block and found that the phenomenon is not short-circuit and open circuit, there can certainly question the ABS computer, from the previous repair to said general computer is bad capacitor breakdown, change of two capacitors, repeat the above steps and obtain fault code, fault code 71 fault lights flashed, the content is the right front wheel speed sensor signal fault. So support from the vehicle, dismantling the right front, right front wheel speed sensor found on a large number of iron absorption, leading to the signal sensor can not have the right to cut the gap magnetic field lines, resulting in no signal and causes the ABS does not work. Clean up the right front wheel speed sensors, vehicle re-testing equipment, troubleshooting.
4, the core part of \Brake pedal master cylinder's function is to convert the input mechanical thrust fluid pressure, Crown Series car is used in dual-chamber brake master cylinder. Shell that has the front master cylinder piston, piston after the piston and front and rear springs, front and rear piston were sealed with rubber cups, the former Piston retaining piece to ensure its correct position. Two liquid storage cylinder and master cylinder, respectively before and after the lumen, the former out of ports, each port after the oil pump is connected with ABS, front hydraulic piston by the piston after the push, then push the piston directly from the putter.
depresses the brake pedal, master cylinder in the putt to move forward, so cups conceal the liquid storage cylinder inlet, the pressure increased after the cavity. After the hydraulic pressure in the cavity and under the action of the spring after the piston, the piston moves forward to promote the former, the former chamber pressure increased. As to the next step on the brake pedal, the front and rear hydraulic chamber to continue to improve, to front and rear brakes produce brake.
relax the brake pedal, master cylinder piston and putting in the former, respectively, under the action of the spring after the piston back to the initial position to remove the brake. Before the piston return spring, after more than stretch the elastic piston return spring to ensure that does not work when the two pistons are in the right place.
master cylinder failure is rare, but it is not no trouble, in my shop in the four S's that time to once on the magnetic, so impressed, I think I have met on stories and we talk about.
Example: Crown kilometers 80,000 kilometers
failure phenomenon: in the case of engine work, brake booster is not obvious at first, later developed into depresses the brake pedal, the pedal a sudden upward rebound , pedal feel heavier when the pedal, and the braking force is not.
failure analysis: ABS light is, should be mechanical problems, deal with mechanical parts of the first inspection.
fault diagnosis: first rule out the hydraulic brake system of air, in the process of emission of air bubbles are not found, try again step on the brake, failure has not been eliminated.
again we detect the brake booster, the specific methods are as follows;
(1) check the tightness booster
a starter motor, 1 or 2 minutes down, and slowly depresses the brake pedal several times, the pedal is stepped on the first floor, but the second and third do not touch the previous high, booster no problem.
b when the engine is running, depresses the brake pedal and brake pedal depressed state, the engine shutdown. Slam the pedal sub-30 seconds, the pedal showed no change in booster did not leak.
(2) Health Check
a switch off the engine, after depresses the brake pedal several times, depresses the brake pedal, start the engine, pedal down a little, booster operating normally.
(3) Check the vacuum break valve
vacuum hose, remove the vacuum check valve, check the booster to the engine ventilation, while the engine to the booster without ventilation. Results vacuum check valve is also normal. Nor is the question booster.
so we divided the brake master cylinder, check the brake master cylinder wall without exception, but found that piston front brake master cylinder piston cups and after the severe wear and tear, the entire ring off, it is in the braking, After being pressurized hydraulic oil along the broken wrist, then Seppi Department channeling back the piston cups low-pressure oil chamber after, so the main tank has been moved forward piston pushed back, causing the brake pedal rebound, when the brake pedal feel Variable heavy braking performance degradation. In addition, the examination also found that the main cylinder piston return spring is too soft, so the brake oil pressure increases, the piston will skew, exacerbated the phenomenon of channeling oil. Replacement brake master cylinder assembly, after testing, fault disappears.
five parking brake parking brake for the following three aspects mainly to detect the good or bad.
(1) brake shoe brake disc thickness and diameter
calibration parking brake shoe thickness to increase 2.4mm, the minimum thickness of 1.0mm. Standard brake disc diameter 190mm, maximum diameter 191mm. When the brake shoe thickness ≤ 1.0mm, replace the brake shoe; brake disc diameter ≥ 191mm, replace the brake disc.
(2) brake shoe clearance
step with the handbrake force 300N, should feel the hand brake was depressed 5-7 slot. If not, should rotate through the brake shoe adjustment holes to adjust the brake shoe adjuster, the specific practices: turning brake adjuster, brake shoes to brake disc lock until after the expansion, then the opposite direction back to 7 slots . Then check the brakes are not dragging lag. Feeling handbrake is in line with requirements.
(3) Check the brake disc and brake shoe contact surface
the inner surface of the brake disc to use chalk painting, and then brake shoe friction. If the brake disc and brake shoe of the poor contact, then use the brake shoe grinding machine repair or replacement of brake shoe
conclusion: the current vehicle traveling faster and faster, the system for the car dynamic performance requirements are increasing. Can be said that the development of the automotive braking system there is a considerable development of the link. Relative to the crown car, its only a conventional braking system from the brake to the \is a small microcosm of the development of automobile industry. With the automobile industry, the development of automobile brake system will develop to a higher step.
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Ive never heard of BHP does this mean the price of potash is going to rise? Mr Jiang asks repeatedly from his fertiliser store. Others in Chinas agricultural areas say they have not heard of the bid for the Canadian fertiliser company by the worlds largest miner. But their interest in the price and availability of potash, a mineral used in fertilisers, is keen.
The significance of the bid, the [url= http://www.eyewear-solution.net http://www.eyewear-solution.net ] biggest in a wave of mergers and acquisitions in the sector, reaches beyond investment bankers and boardrooms. Mr Jiangs anxiety encapsulates the increasing interaction between globalisation, demographics, agriculture and food security.
Following the second world war and particularly the rapid increase in productivity brought about by the Green Revolution in the 1960s, based on the use of fertilisers and high-yielding seeds the threat of scarcity had largely vanished from the world.
The ascent of potash and other fertilisers such as phosphate and nitrogen into investors portfolios tracks the resurgence of agriculture in the new [url= http://www.raybansunglassesonsale.net http://www.raybansunglassesonsale.net ] millennium. Behind this is the rise of emerging countries such as China and the elevation to the middle class of billions of people who now require a diet richer than the traditional staples of rice and wheat.
The transformation has surprised an industry long used to being ignored. One cold morning in November 1989, the government of the rural Canadian province of Saskatchewan started the privatisation of PotashCorp through an initial public offering and raised a mere $231m. It sold the shares at $18 but, by the end of the first trading day with investors showing little interest, the price had fallen to $17.75.
Those were the days when investors were [url= (...) (...) ] little interested in an obscure commodity such as potash. Agriculture and its support industries were not fully appreciated, http://www.raybansunglassesonsale.net , explains Jim Prokopanko, chief executive of US-based fertiliser group Mosaic. Besides, the problem with food production at the time was excess. The talk in Europe was of grain and butter mountains, and lakes of milk and wine. China, India, Brazil and other emerging countries were yet to rise; Russia was still part of the Soviet Union. Few imagined the era of abundance would end any time soon.
Two decades on, the situation has changed. You can see that with a mining company the size of BHP interested in acquiring, [for] billions of dollars, a [url= http://www.tiffany-jewelry-store.com http://www.tiffany-jewelry-store.com ] potash operation that 10 years ago didnt have much attention, says Mr Prokopanko. PotashCorp itself has been transformed into the worlds largest listed fertiliser company. Meanwhile, the sector has become the darling of Wall Streets M&A bankers. In the first eight months of the year, deals valued at $61bn have been announced by companies in the industry, a high that more than doubles the peak hit in 2008, according to Dealogic, a data provider. Including the looming merger of Russian fertiliser groups Uralkali and Silvinit, M&A activity could reach more than $90bn (71bn, 58bn) this year.
Underlying the revolution in the fertiliser industry is <a href= http://www.betterglasses.com> http://www.eyewear-solution.net </a> the increasing scarcity of another commodity: food. Since the crisis of 2007-08 when long-term economic and demographic trends combined with short-term problems such as bad weather and a spike in oil costs to produce record prices for crops and riots in countries from Haiti to Bangladesh investors have regained their interest.
The episode lifted the issue of agriculture on the global agenda, says Hallgeir Storvik, chief financial officer of Yara of Norway, the worlds largest nitrogen fertiliser producer. Food security is today hotly debated among the Group of Eight leading [url= (...) (...) ] industrialised countries.
The crisis placed fertilisers in the corporate spotlight, with the cost of potash rising from less than $150 in 2006 to almost $1,000 a tonne in 2008.
Modern agriculture relies heavily on fertiliser as well as better seeds, including genetically modified ones to boost crop yields, preventing the global famine that pundits predicted in the middle of the last century. Potash, for all intents and purposes, is food, says Vincent Andrews of Morgan Stanley in New York.
Scientists hope to boost yields even further through [url= http://www.eyewear-solution.net] http://www.eyewear-solution.net [/url] discoveries, such as this weeks publication of the wheat genome, which would help crop breeders to develop improved varieties.
For years, fertiliser consumption increased only slowly, in parallel with the growth in global population. But in the late 1990s and 2000s, new factors accelerated demand including the rapid economic growth of China and other emerging countries, accompanied by greater demand for proteins such as meat and milk, and a rapid increase in demand for grain to fatten livestock. The development of the global biofuels industry further increased demand for agricultural commodities and hence fertilisers. The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation forecasts that global food demand will jump by 70 per cent between now and 2050 as the population rises (...) : (...) by 3bn to more than 9bn, further boosting demand for fertiliser.
As a result, countries are starting to see potash much as they see crude oil: as a hunted, strategic commodity.
But, as with oil, potash deposits are not evenly spread. A handful of nations led by Canada, Russia, Belarus and Israel command the bulk of the reserves. Eight companies control more than 80 per cent of global supply. Two marketing groups Canpotex for North American producers and BPC for the Russian and Belarusian groups dominate the global trade.
The concentration of supplies is driving concern about a tight and politically charged market. If BHP buys PotashCorp, is it the end of Chinese agriculture? runs a breathless headline on the website of the China Business Journal. The accompanying article argues that Chinese control of the industry would boost the countrys agriculture and great causes but, if the miner bought the Canadian producer, it would gain control of the potash [url= http://www.raybansunglassesonsale.net http://www.raybansunglassesonsale.net ] market and its pricing system.
Other countries are watching the battle closely, from India, the second-largest importer of the mineral; to Brazil, a key exporter of agricultural commodities that relies on overseas fertiliser supplies. But it is in China, where grain markets are managed closely to ensure farmers keep producing in sufficient quantities to feed the growing population, that concern seems greatest. Few countries take grain self-sufficiency quite so seriously indeed, it was one of the promises on which the Communist party came to power in 1949.
Maintaining that promise depends in part on potash, the only fertiliser in which China is seriously deficient. The country, which feeds 20 per cent of [url= http://www.eyewear-solution.net http://www.eyewear-solution.net ]the worlds population using just 7 per cent of global arable land, has huge fertiliser needs.
China, while it produces a small amount of potash, has to import about half of its needs, a dependency that may become a major threat to Chinas fast-developing national economy and long-term strategic needs, according to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a think-tank that advises the government. Little surprise, then, that its primary importer of the mineral, Sinochem, says it is paying close attention to the PotashCorp battle, suggesting the group could launch a counterbid.
In contrast to the drive to make energy and metals acquisitions in Africa, Asia and elsewhere, the countrys agricultural sector has historically stayed out of the global limelight. But as China struggles to meet its food sufficiency targets, and as fertiliser markets tighten, that is changing. The government has quietly encouraged state-owned agricultural companies to go abroad. Cofco, the grain trader, and Sinochem, the chemicals group, (...) , have been hunting for overseas agricultural deals, though with mixed success.
The bid for PotashCorp is a litmus test for how companies and nations view the prospect of a world with tighter food supplies. In the past century, anguish (...) : (...) over who will feed the world has always been answered with breakthroughs that have more than compensated for growing populations.
But if a Chinese state-owned company should plant its flag on the potash industry, it could indicate the introduction of a more cut-throat edge to the geopolitics of agriculture.
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"This period is fantastic - I think it is the heart of everything Andy Warhol did."
The key to the exhibition is the way it traces the pop artist's transition from a more traditional artistic approach to using subjects repeatedly, in the same canvas, and moving to a more mechanised production of his work.
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Repetitive style
Warhol is especially famous for his Campbell's soup cans. After apparently being advised by a friend to paint subjects that he liked, he chose Campbell's soup because, he said, he ate it almost every day.
In Basel, an individual version is on display, together with early sketches of soup cans.
The exhibition includes several rare sketches including a 1962 image of Ginger Rogers They are followed in the exhibition by Campbell's 100 Soup Cans in which Warhol used spray paint to achieve the repetitive style which became one of his hallmarks.
"Warhol's work is about repetition" explains Mr Burgi.
"So in this exhibition we wanted to make very clear statements so the visitor can realise how he advanced and how he treated certain subjects."
In order to achieve this focus, the museum decided not to include any of Warhol's comics, which he was also producing at the time.
But several rare sketches have been included, among them pencil and pastel piece Cosmetics and a pencil sketch of the actress Ginger Rogers.
Basel has the biggest collection of Warhol drawings and prints on paper outside the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
"He was a very talented draughtsman," says Mr Burgi.
"He had to do a lot of it as a graphic designer in the 1950s. And these drawings are autonomous, not sketches for later paintings.
"He was drawing these and working on Campbell's soup at the same time."
Darker subjects
But perhaps the highlights of the Basel show are the screen prints of two of the mid-20th Century's biggest stars - Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.
Warhol creates "rhythms and moments of composition" Here, too, the famous repetition is clear in a double Elvis from 1963 as well as Elvis 4 Times, a silk screen in ink and silver paint.
It is in this section of the exhibition that Blue Liz - Mr Burgi's personal favourite - appears.
"It's Liz Taylor, a still from her in her role as Cleopatra which was an incredibly famous film at the time," he explains.
"He had started to work with the silk screen technique and here we can see he is playing with the repetition of the same image, on this very beautiful blue background."
In the silk screen, Warhol provides variations of length and shade within the different rows.
"So he is really playing with this mechanical addition of the motive and he creates certain rhythms and moments of composition, as in a traditional painting," adds Mr Burgi.
Warhol chose some darker subjects for this repetitive style as well.
The Basel exhibition has one room devoted to pieces from his Death and Disaster series which use newspaper clippings of fatal car crashes as their source material.
$100m sale
By 1964, Warhol's artistic output was enormous - he had renamed his studio The Factory and he employed a number of assistants.
Mr Burgi says Warhol's subject matter, including photographs, soup cans and soap boxes, and use of repetition - not just in the same painting but over a series of works - made him prone to forgery.
Warhol's Campbell's soup cans are as ubiquitous as the original product "And naturally, because Warhol was an extremely successful artist, I suppose you could be tempted to make a fake Warhol and make a lot of money," he adds.
A series of apparently genuine Warhol Brillo soap pad boxes, which sold not long ago for large sums of money, are now believed by many Warhol experts to be forgeries.
The trade in genuine Warhols, meanwhile, has become a multi-million dollar industry.
One of the Elvis series of paintings sold recently for $100m (£64.7m), a price that only four other artists - Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollock, Gustav Klimt and Willem de Kooning - have achieved.
And Basel's museum shop is doing brisk Warhol business with t-shirts and Liz Taylor magnets among items for sale.
Not to mention, of course, merchandise emblazoned with the Campbell's soup cans which have become at least as ubiquitous as the original product.
Warhol's soup cans have helped to guarantee an enduring fame for the artist who predicted 15 minutes in the spotlight for all.