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set of modern high-resolution imaging and digital image processing technology, and is a major mouse technology, inventions, its unique technology and price advantage of rapidly becoming a standard computer configuration.
Optical Mouse is by the imaging system IAS, signal processing system DSP, SPI interface system three system components. which IAS system consists of light source, optical lens and the CMOS light sensor devices composed of three parts. the mouse work by internal light source (a light-emitting diodes), light the bottom of the mouse, the bottom part of the surface reflection of light transmitted through the optical lens CMOS light-sensitive chip, CMOS imaging sensors are composed of optoelectronic devices by the hundreds of the matrix, the image on the CMOS matrix conversion to electrical signals, transmitted to the signal processing system DSP, DSP signal and store this image on the image for a sampling period comparison, http://www.crystalbridals.com , if a sampling point has two images in the location of a mobile, on the issue of vertical and horizontal displacement signal in two directions to the interface system SPI, otherwise continue with the next cycle of sampling. SPI interface system sent a signal to the DSP processed output. optical mouse has two main technical parameters, one is the resolution, the unit is dpi (pixels / inch), such as a 1600dpi mouse can distinguish between the minimum spacing 25.4mm/1600 = 0.015875mm; the other is the sample frequency, that is, the sampling area per second shooting CMOS image frames and DSP chip can handle the image frames per second. such as Microsoft IE4 optical mouse sampling rate of 9000 / s, providing 1409.7mm / s tracking speed .
optical mouse technology in automotive applications, the feasibility of
displacement measuring optical mouse, and the actual physical displacement between the optical lens may cause the ratio between physical and imaging transformation . computer configured optical mouse optical part is a high rate of lens light curve is short-range imaging, smaller mobile users on the desktop, the cursor on the computer screen with a larger response. by changing the rate of the optical lens light curve k , increasing the lens and the physical distance, you can track the speed as its k-fold increase. Of course, change the mouse short-range imaging for the remote imaging, the resolution of the mouse itself is also changing, but this change does not affect the car the application.
to Microsoft IE4 optical mouse CMOS photosensitive chip as an example, assume that the maximum speed is 200km / h, the optical lens coefficient k = 200 × 1000/3600/1.4097 = 39.4, time resolution 0.015875 × 39.4 = 0.625mm. It can be seen, when the optical lens factor k = 39.4, its maximum tracking speed of up to 200km / h, resolution of less than 1 mm, its accuracy is still high, to meet the speed measurement requirements.
such as the optical mouse with the bottom of the camera lens directly at the road test, set a mouse the same output value, the results show that the mouse, the farther away from the road, while the larger sampling area, the mouse itself need to move the greater the distance; without moving the lens away from the mouse close to the minimum road. to take long-distance imaging, the need for auxiliary lighting is insufficient light. In this study, using an ordinary flashlight can meet the requirements.
Optical Mouse is a short-range imaging, sampling surface is very small, very small sample in the plane and sometimes the lack of feature points, resulting in a more homogeneous surface for the mirror, etc., such as poor adaptability. car traveling the rough road surface is much more dry , the characteristics of each point with the other points are significantly different, and because a long-distance imaging, the sampling is large, more feature points, there is no adaptability, a large number of experiments have proved this point.
optical mouse's image processing technology is no mechanical movement, all semiconductor circuits, high technology, weighs only 300 grams of two, small, to apply it to Qiche field is very convenient. because from the image acquisition, processing to the data output entirely by the existing optical mouse technology, simply related to the output data can be used to develop applications extremely simple.
in ABS, ESP, on the application of automotive anti-lock braking system
ABS is a dynamic system, the wheel will reduce the braking force when locking, but not locking the wheels when braking force increases, repeated action, to achieve the safety brake. automobile braking process, the wheel slip between the ground that the slip rate of δ = (Vt-Va) / Vt × 100% (the formula: δ --- slip; Vt --- Automotive wheel speed; Va --- vehicle speed.)
results show that, in order to achieve the best braking effect, should control the slip rate of 15% to 20% range. Clearly, the control slip must know the speed. As can accurately measure the speed of the sensor (such as multi- Doppler velocimetry) is very expensive, most vehicles are only measuring wheel speed, wheel speed estimate based speed, the ABS of the two parameters (speed, wheel speed) into a single simplified measurement parameters (wheel speed) measurements, the lack of the necessary parameters, greatly affected the ABS results.
to optical mouse sensor technology applied to the ABS image system measurement speed, in the car to install a particular image sensor to the sample under the pavement, while the installation height adjustment optical lens factor k, making long-distance imaging, then the output of the displacement data into speed.
applied to the ESP system, the need for vertical or horizontal line on the body of two locations (for example, after two endoscopic bearings) set the image sensor, respectively, while measurement of the two vertical and horizontal acceleration of change in both directions, that is when the body above two points in the vertical direction and lateral acceleration consistent with no displacement, the body as before row linear motion; When the two measured lateral acceleration, the body has lateral slip; when two different values of longitudinal acceleration, the body with a lateral rotation, the heavier the lateral side of the rotation, according to two difference and horizontal displacement of the body width of calculated rotation.
Rear view on the application of
in the Rear view on the application is the use of the image sensor on the body position and orientation measurement location method.
existing installations are by Rear view camera car, the car show in the display environment; some body on the screen also shows the direction and vehicle records in order to to help drivers determine the location of the body and the relationship between the external environment. The device is characterized by the actual body position and the screen to see the environment is isolated, and the display driver can not see the whole body and the environment.
with the different devices, using optical mouse technology is to use the image sensor and Fangxiang first conducted on the Body Location tracking and locating by demonstrating interactive simulations Shijicheliang of reversing Guo Cheng, and with Waijiehuanjing photo overlay. its approach is as Qian described in the body of the vehicle bearing the two mirror image sensors were set, according to the car's body began to assume a vertical and horizontal direction of the earth coordinate system, and set one of the image sensor to the coordinate origin (coordinate system may be required under the calculation method arbitrary assumptions). began to take photographs after the car first car, and calculate the coordinates of the camera this time; the same time reversing the process according to the two image sensors, the displacement variation points to calculate the coordinates of the body, two coordinates can be simultaneously determine vehicle location and body orientation. a model of the car body under the direction of vehicle position coordinates and reverse the process simulation and with the environment, photo overlay. Thus, the actual car in the ground motion, the body model in the photo on the subsequent movement, watch the screen to the environment is a photograph of a sports car model, the driver feel like being in the car, overlooking the entire body to the environment and reversing the process at a glance. reversing the camera constantly taking pictures, when the vehicle movement to the edge of the current photo, in accordance with vehicle location coordinates corresponding photo call. be stated that, in the body model and the superposition of the photo to simulate vehicle movement should be three-dimensional body model, and the virtual camera tracking model and the actual camera car camera angle, height, lens parameters so to be consistent, so that blending car models and the environment to simulate the whole process is possible and accurate, realistic. Meanwhile, as low as possible car models high, so as not to block the car environment.
summary
Optical Mouse as the core technology - the development of image processing continues. It is reported that the Shenzhen company has successfully developed the third generation optical mouse, raising the maximum speed an order of magnitude, resolution up to 100 000 dpi. image sensor size small , low prices, high accuracy applications in the car plenty of room. This article is only briefly introduced in the speed image sensor, in location application example, more application technology can log on State Intellectual Property Office website, access to relevant image Measurement of patent documents.
optical mouse works
mechanical mouse, optical mouse and the biggest difference is its positioning in different ways.
optical mouse works is: the optical mouse has an LED inside, issued by the LED light to illuminate the bottom surface of optical mouse (which is why the Federation of light causes the bottom of the mouse). and then the optical mouse part of the bottom surface of the light reflected back, After a group of optical lens, transferred to a light sensing device (micro-imaging devices) within the image. Thus, when the optical mouse, its trajectory would be recorded as a continuity of high-speed image capture. Finally, the internal optical mouse a dedicated image analysis chip (DSP, the digital processor) on the uptake of mobile trajectory analysis of a series of image processing features on these images to analyze changes in positions to determine the direction and move the mouse movement distance thus completing the cursor position.
optical mouse typically consists of the following components: optical sensor, optical lens, light-emitting diode, the interface microprocessor, touch buttons, scroll wheel, connection, PS / 2 or USB interface shell. The following are described separately:
optical sensors, optical sensors, optical mouse is the core of the current optical sensor capable of producing only the manufacturers Agilent, Microsoft and Logitech 3 company. which Agilent optical sensor using a wide range, in addition to all of Microsoft and Logitech optical mouse part, the rest of the optical mouse basically using Agilent's optical sensors.
optical mouse controller chip
optical mouse controller chip is responsible for coordinating the work of various components, and to communicate with the external circuit (bridge), and send and receive various signals. we can be understood to optical mouse in the \, dpi smaller, less used to locate points, http://www.crystalbridals.com , positioning accuracy is low; dpi larger, more used to locate points on the positioning accuracy will be high.
Typically, the traditional mechanical mouse 200dpi scanning precision are below the optical mouse is able to reach 400 or 800dpi, which is why optical mouse in the location accuracy can easily exceed the main reason for mechanical mouse.
optical lens components
optical lens optical components are placed in the bottom of the mouse position, from Figure 5 can be clearly seen, the optical lens component consists of a circular edge light and a lens component. which is responsible for edge light emitting diode transmission of light rays emitted from the bottom of the mouse, and be light.
circular lens is the equivalent of a camera lens, this lens has been lit for the bottom of the mouse send the image to the bottom of the optical sensor hole in the. by watching the back of the shell optical mouse, we can see a circular camera lens much like the experiment, the author concluded that: whether it is blocking light or circular edge of the optical lens, will be immediately led optical mouse \continuous bottom the \br> In general, optical mouse uses light-emitting diodes (Figure 7) is red (and some are blue), and is highlighted (in order to obtain sufficient light intensity). issued a red LED light, part of the mouse the bottom of the optical lens (which is the prism) to illuminate the bottom of the mouse; and partly transmitted directly to the front of the optical sensor. in one sentence summary, the role of LED optical mouse work is to produce the required light.
button
not touch the mouse button is not imagination, which is going to ordinary optical mouse at least there will be two touch buttons. Founder of the PCB, optical mouse A total of three touch buttons welding (Figure . In addition to left, right, the middle scroll wheel button to be assigned to the next page. advanced mouse usually with X, Y two flip wheel, but most of the photoelectric mouse or optical mouse, as this side is the same, only with a flip wheel. flip wheel, the next roll, the cause was watching the \to PCB's \, the \flip pulse signal, the pulse signal transmitted through the control chip to Windows operating system, it can generate flip action of the
mobile with 3 bytes of data, P1, P2, P3, said bytes, D0-D7 that bit
P1_D7D6 fixed value 01; D1D0 = 11 in this mouse contains about mobile component; D3D2 = 11 in this mouse up and down components include; D4 = 1 was pressed right now; D5 = 1 Currently the left mouse button was pressed (D4D5 = 00 则 key was released state).
P2_D7D6 fixed value 00; while the other six represent a signed binary number, reflecting the amount of movement left and right, more than 0 move to the right, less than 0 is to the left.
P3_D7D6 fixed value of 00; while the other six represent a signed binary number, reflecting the volume up and down, moving down is greater than 0, less than 0 move up.
example: [6CH 02H 3AH] (P1 = 6CH, P2 = 02H, P3 = 3AH) feedback from a mouse move to the right of the two units, moved up 6 units, the current left Press.
1: Data
2: Air
3: to
4: +5 V
5: Clock
6: Empty
mouse data packet Analysis August 1, 2008 Friday 03:12
on the i8042 is programmed to complete the initialization of the mouse operation, then the initialization is complete when the mouse, mouse action, if You Fasheng, such as user Yi Dongle click the mouse, press the mouse button Huozhe, then the mouse will Shu Ju Bao sent back to Zhu Ji, 现在 us see the mouse back to the main structure of the data packets, in the understanding of this structure, we have to know that the present total of two types of mouse, a class of so-called 2D (two dimensional) mouse, it is not the kind we normally use the scroll wheel mouse, because this mouse is only X and Y displacement in both directions, so called 2D (two dimensional) mouse; there is a class that is now more common 3D (three dimensional) mouse, among them the existence of a wheel, and this wheel will produce an additional Z-displacement, therefore, its displacement have X, Y, Z three directions, it is also known as 3D (three dimensional) mouse. Here, we take a look at these two types of mouse packets to the host's any different. Next, let's look at two-dimensional mouse.
1 packets
bit 7
bit 6
bit 5
bit 4
bit 3
bit 2
bit 1
bit 0
2 packets
X displacement
3 packets
Y displacement
bit 0: Left click logo bit 1 that left is pressed.
bit 1: Right-click flag for an express right to be pressed.
bit 2: Press the flag in the button, 1 that the key is pressed.
bit 3: reserved bit is always 1.
bit 4: X symbols flag for one that is negative X displacement.
bit 5: Y symbol flag, said the Y is a negative displacement.
bit 6: X overflow flag, as an X displacement that overflowed.
bit 7: Y overflow bid for position, displacement Y 1 that spilled.
the following, let us look three-dimensional structure of the mouse data packet.
1 packets
bit 7
bit 6
bit 5
bit 4 3 2 1 0 2 packets
X displacement
3 packets
Y displacement
4 packets
Z displacement of three-dimensional mouse
the first data packet for each packet the meaning of two-dimensional mouse with the first data packet for each meaning exactly the same package, the only difference is that it will be more time to send a packet, that the first four data packet, the packet contains the displacement of Z, with X, Y displacement of the same, they are said to complement the. but with the X and Y displacement is different, Z is 4-bit displacement, with the highest bit (the fourth) is the sign bit, therefore, Z displacement of the effective range: -8 ~ 7. while the X and Y displacement is 9, the highest one (No. 9) is the symbol bit, the sign bit in the first packet, said so, X and Y displacement of the effective range: -256 ~ 255.
see here, you may have questions, the system is how to know that in the end I should be receiving 3 packets 4 packets or receiving it? three-dimensional mouse is a standard developed by Microsoft, the first such three-dimensional mouse only works in the standard PS / 2 mode, if you want it to work in 3D mode, you need to set the mouse sample rate 0xF3 This order follows the order of operations:
1. set the mouse sample rate of 200
2. set the mouse sample rate 100
3. set the mouse sample rate of 80
After that, if your mouse is a three-dimensional mouse, then it will go to work three-dimensional mode, the When the host to send it 0xF2 (get mouse type ID) command, your job in three-dimensional model of the mouse will be the host to return its type ID, but if your mouse does not support the three-dimensional model, that is, if your mouse is just a two-dimensional mouse, it returns to the host of the type of ID will be 0, so the host can know what mouse you use the type of mouse, and thus that should receive three or four packets. With the experiment will performance standards only two-dimensional mouse, if you are interested, you can make changes to the program to make it support the three-dimensional mouse.
Now, let's look at how the packet is received by the host. in \interrupt handler, then the interrupt handler reads the data packets sent by the mouse.
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2009-02-18 19:191 principle
Optical Mouse Optical Mouse Optical Mouse principle
set of modern high-resolution imaging and digital image processing technology, and is a major mouse technology, inventions, its unique technology and price advantage of rapidly becoming a standard computer configuration.
Optical Mouse is by the imaging system IAS, signal processing system DSP, SPI interface system three system components. which IAS system consists of light source, optical lens and the CMOS light sensor devices composed of three parts. the mouse work by internal light source (a light-emitting diodes), light the bottom of the mouse, the bottom part of the surface reflection of light transmitted through the optical lens CMOS light-sensitive chip, CMOS imaging sensors are composed of optoelectronic devices by the hundreds of the matrix, the image on the CMOS matrix conversion to electrical signals, transmitted to the signal processing system DSP, DSP signal and store this image on the image for a sampling period comparison, http://www.crystalbridals.com , if a sampling point has two images in the location of a mobile, on the issue of vertical and horizontal displacement signal in two directions to the interface system SPI, otherwise continue with the next cycle of sampling. SPI interface system sent a signal to the DSP processed output. optical mouse has two main technical parameters, one is the resolution, the unit is dpi (pixels / inch), such as a 1600dpi mouse can distinguish between the minimum spacing 25.4mm/1600 = 0.015875mm; the other is the sample frequency, that is, the sampling area per second shooting CMOS image frames and DSP chip can handle the image frames per second. such as Microsoft IE4 optical mouse sampling rate of 9000 / s, providing 1409.7mm / s tracking speed .
optical mouse technology in automotive applications, the feasibility of
displacement measuring optical mouse, and the actual physical displacement between the optical lens may cause the ratio between physical and imaging transformation . computer configured optical mouse optical part is a high rate of lens light curve is short-range imaging, smaller mobile users on the desktop, the cursor on the computer screen with a larger response. by changing the rate of the optical lens light curve k , increasing the lens and the physical distance, you can track the speed as its k-fold increase. Of course, change the mouse short-range imaging for the remote imaging, the resolution of the mouse itself is also changing, but this change does not affect the car the application.
to Microsoft IE4 optical mouse CMOS photosensitive chip as an example, assume that the maximum speed is 200km / h, the optical lens coefficient k = 200 × 1000/3600/1.4097 = 39.4, time resolution 0.015875 × 39.4 = 0.625mm. It can be seen, when the optical lens factor k = 39.4, its maximum tracking speed of up to 200km / h, resolution of less than 1 mm, its accuracy is still high, to meet the speed measurement requirements.
such as the optical mouse with the bottom of the camera lens directly at the road test, set a mouse the same output value, the results show that the mouse, the farther away from the road, while the larger sampling area, the mouse itself need to move the greater the distance; without moving the lens away from the mouse close to the minimum road. to take long-distance imaging, the need for auxiliary lighting is insufficient light. In this study, using an ordinary flashlight can meet the requirements.
Optical Mouse is a short-range imaging, sampling surface is very small, very small sample in the plane and sometimes the lack of feature points, resulting in a more homogeneous surface for the mirror, etc., such as poor adaptability. car traveling the rough road surface is much more dry , the characteristics of each point with the other points are significantly different, and because a long-distance imaging, the sampling is large, more feature points, there is no adaptability, a large number of experiments have proved this point.
optical mouse's image processing technology is no mechanical movement, all semiconductor circuits, high technology, weighs only 300 grams of two, small, to apply it to Qiche field is very convenient. because from the image acquisition, processing to the data output entirely by the existing optical mouse technology, simply related to the output data can be used to develop applications extremely simple.
in ABS, ESP, on the application of automotive anti-lock braking system
ABS is a dynamic system, the wheel will reduce the braking force when locking, but not locking the wheels when braking force increases, repeated action, to achieve the safety brake. automobile braking process, the wheel slip between the ground that the slip rate of δ = (Vt-Va) / Vt × 100% (the formula: δ --- slip; Vt --- Automotive wheel speed; Va --- vehicle speed.)
results show that, in order to achieve the best braking effect, should control the slip rate of 15% to 20% range. Clearly, the control slip must know the speed. As can accurately measure the speed of the sensor (such as multi- Doppler velocimetry) is very expensive, most vehicles are only measuring wheel speed, wheel speed estimate based speed, the ABS of the two parameters (speed, wheel speed) into a single simplified measurement parameters (wheel speed) measurements, the lack of the necessary parameters, greatly affected the ABS results.
to optical mouse sensor technology applied to the ABS image system measurement speed, in the car to install a particular image sensor to the sample under the pavement, while the installation height adjustment optical lens factor k, making long-distance imaging, then the output of the displacement data into speed.
applied to the ESP system, the need for vertical or horizontal line on the body of two locations (for example, after two endoscopic bearings) set the image sensor, respectively, while measurement of the two vertical and horizontal acceleration of change in both directions, that is when the body above two points in the vertical direction and lateral acceleration consistent with no displacement, the body as before row linear motion; When the two measured lateral acceleration, the body has lateral slip; when two different values of longitudinal acceleration, the body with a lateral rotation, the heavier the lateral side of the rotation, according to two difference and horizontal displacement of the body width of calculated rotation.
Rear view on the application of
in the Rear view on the application is the use of the image sensor on the body position and orientation measurement location method.
existing installations are by Rear view camera car, the car show in the display environment; some body on the screen also shows the direction and vehicle records in order to to help drivers determine the location of the body and the relationship between the external environment. The device is characterized by the actual body position and the screen to see the environment is isolated, and the display driver can not see the whole body and the environment.
with the different devices, using optical mouse technology is to use the image sensor and Fangxiang first conducted on the Body Location tracking and locating by demonstrating interactive simulations Shijicheliang of reversing Guo Cheng, and with Waijiehuanjing photo overlay. its approach is as Qian described in the body of the vehicle bearing the two mirror image sensors were set, according to the car's body began to assume a vertical and horizontal direction of the earth coordinate system, and set one of the image sensor to the coordinate origin (coordinate system may be required under the calculation method arbitrary assumptions). began to take photographs after the car first car, and calculate the coordinates of the camera this time; the same time reversing the process according to the two image sensors, the displacement variation points to calculate the coordinates of the body, two coordinates can be simultaneously determine vehicle location and body orientation. a model of the car body under the direction of vehicle position coordinates and reverse the process simulation and with the environment, photo overlay. Thus, the actual car in the ground motion, the body model in the photo on the subsequent movement, watch the screen to the environment is a photograph of a sports car model, the driver feel like being in the car, overlooking the entire body to the environment and reversing the process at a glance. reversing the camera constantly taking pictures, when the vehicle movement to the edge of the current photo, in accordance with vehicle location coordinates corresponding photo call. be stated that, in the body model and the superposition of the photo to simulate vehicle movement should be three-dimensional body model, and the virtual camera tracking model and the actual camera car camera angle, height, lens parameters so to be consistent, so that blending car models and the environment to simulate the whole process is possible and accurate, realistic. Meanwhile, as low as possible car models high, so as not to block the car environment.
summary
Optical Mouse as the core technology - the development of image processing continues. It is reported that the Shenzhen company has successfully developed the third generation optical mouse, raising the maximum speed an order of magnitude, resolution up to 100 000 dpi. image sensor size small , low prices, high accuracy applications in the car plenty of room. This article is only briefly introduced in the speed image sensor, in location application example, more application technology can log on State Intellectual Property Office website, access to relevant image Measurement of patent documents.
optical mouse works
mechanical mouse, optical mouse and the biggest difference is its positioning in different ways.
optical mouse works is: the optical mouse has an LED inside, issued by the LED light to illuminate the bottom surface of optical mouse (which is why the Federation of light causes the bottom of the mouse). and then the optical mouse part of the bottom surface of the light reflected back, After a group of optical lens, transferred to a light sensing device (micro-imaging devices) within the image. Thus, when the optical mouse, its trajectory would be recorded as a continuity of high-speed image capture. Finally, the internal optical mouse a dedicated image analysis chip (DSP, the digital processor) on the uptake of mobile trajectory analysis of a series of image processing features on these images to analyze changes in positions to determine the direction and move the mouse movement distance thus completing the cursor position.
optical mouse typically consists of the following components: optical sensor, optical lens, light-emitting diode, the interface microprocessor, touch buttons, scroll wheel, connection, PS / 2 or USB interface shell. The following are described separately:
optical sensors, optical sensors, optical mouse is the core of the current optical sensor capable of producing only the manufacturers Agilent, Microsoft and Logitech 3 company. which Agilent optical sensor using a wide range, in addition to all of Microsoft and Logitech optical mouse part, the rest of the optical mouse basically using Agilent's optical sensors.
optical mouse controller chip
optical mouse controller chip is responsible for coordinating the work of various components, and to communicate with the external circuit (bridge), and send and receive various signals. we can be understood to optical mouse in the \, dpi smaller, less used to locate points, http://www.crystalbridals.com , positioning accuracy is low; dpi larger, more used to locate points on the positioning accuracy will be high.
Typically, the traditional mechanical mouse 200dpi scanning precision are below the optical mouse is able to reach 400 or 800dpi, which is why optical mouse in the location accuracy can easily exceed the main reason for mechanical mouse.
optical lens components
optical lens optical components are placed in the bottom of the mouse position, from Figure 5 can be clearly seen, the optical lens component consists of a circular edge light and a lens component. which is responsible for edge light emitting diode transmission of light rays emitted from the bottom of the mouse, and be light.
circular lens is the equivalent of a camera lens, this lens has been lit for the bottom of the mouse send the image to the bottom of the optical sensor hole in the. by watching the back of the shell optical mouse, we can see a circular camera lens much like the experiment, the author concluded that: whether it is blocking light or circular edge of the optical lens, will be immediately led optical mouse \continuous bottom the \br> In general, optical mouse uses light-emitting diodes (Figure 7) is red (and some are blue), and is highlighted (in order to obtain sufficient light intensity). issued a red LED light, part of the mouse the bottom of the optical lens (which is the prism) to illuminate the bottom of the mouse; and partly transmitted directly to the front of the optical sensor. in one sentence summary, the role of LED optical mouse work is to produce the required light.
button
not touch the mouse button is not imagination, which is going to ordinary optical mouse at least there will be two touch buttons. Founder of the PCB, optical mouse A total of three touch buttons welding (Figure
mobile with 3 bytes of data, P1, P2, P3, said bytes, D0-D7 that bit
P1_D7D6 fixed value 01; D1D0 = 11 in this mouse contains about mobile component; D3D2 = 11 in this mouse up and down components include; D4 = 1 was pressed right now; D5 = 1 Currently the left mouse button was pressed (D4D5 = 00 则 key was released state).
P2_D7D6 fixed value 00; while the other six represent a signed binary number, reflecting the amount of movement left and right, more than 0 move to the right, less than 0 is to the left.
P3_D7D6 fixed value of 00; while the other six represent a signed binary number, reflecting the volume up and down, moving down is greater than 0, less than 0 move up.
example: [6CH 02H 3AH] (P1 = 6CH, P2 = 02H, P3 = 3AH) feedback from a mouse move to the right of the two units, moved up 6 units, the current left Press.
1: Data
2: Air
3: to
4: +5 V
5: Clock
6: Empty
mouse data packet Analysis August 1, 2008 Friday 03:12
on the i8042 is programmed to complete the initialization of the mouse operation, then the initialization is complete when the mouse, mouse action, if You Fasheng, such as user Yi Dongle click the mouse, press the mouse button Huozhe, then the mouse will Shu Ju Bao sent back to Zhu Ji, 现在 us see the mouse back to the main structure of the data packets, in the understanding of this structure, we have to know that the present total of two types of mouse, a class of so-called 2D (two dimensional) mouse, it is not the kind we normally use the scroll wheel mouse, because this mouse is only X and Y displacement in both directions, so called 2D (two dimensional) mouse; there is a class that is now more common 3D (three dimensional) mouse, among them the existence of a wheel, and this wheel will produce an additional Z-displacement, therefore, its displacement have X, Y, Z three directions, it is also known as 3D (three dimensional) mouse. Here, we take a look at these two types of mouse packets to the host's any different. Next, let's look at two-dimensional mouse.
1 packets
bit 7
bit 6
bit 5
bit 4
bit 3
bit 2
bit 1
bit 0
2 packets
X displacement
3 packets
Y displacement
bit 0: Left click logo bit 1 that left is pressed.
bit 1: Right-click flag for an express right to be pressed.
bit 2: Press the flag in the button, 1 that the key is pressed.
bit 3: reserved bit is always 1.
bit 4: X symbols flag for one that is negative X displacement.
bit 5: Y symbol flag, said the Y is a negative displacement.
bit 6: X overflow flag, as an X displacement that overflowed.
bit 7: Y overflow bid for position, displacement Y 1 that spilled.
the following, let us look three-dimensional structure of the mouse data packet.
1 packets
bit 7
bit 6
bit 5
bit 4 3 2 1 0 2 packets
X displacement
3 packets
Y displacement
4 packets
Z displacement of three-dimensional mouse
the first data packet for each packet the meaning of two-dimensional mouse with the first data packet for each meaning exactly the same package, the only difference is that it will be more time to send a packet, that the first four data packet, the packet contains the displacement of Z, with X, Y displacement of the same, they are said to complement the. but with the X and Y displacement is different, Z is 4-bit displacement, with the highest bit (the fourth) is the sign bit, therefore, Z displacement of the effective range: -8 ~ 7. while the X and Y displacement is 9, the highest one (No. 9) is the symbol bit, the sign bit in the first packet, said so, X and Y displacement of the effective range: -256 ~ 255.
see here, you may have questions, the system is how to know that in the end I should be receiving 3 packets 4 packets or receiving it? three-dimensional mouse is a standard developed by Microsoft, the first such three-dimensional mouse only works in the standard PS / 2 mode, if you want it to work in 3D mode, you need to set the mouse sample rate 0xF3 This order follows the order of operations:
1. set the mouse sample rate of 200
2. set the mouse sample rate 100
3. set the mouse sample rate of 80
After that, if your mouse is a three-dimensional mouse, then it will go to work three-dimensional mode, the When the host to send it 0xF2 (get mouse type ID) command, your job in three-dimensional model of the mouse will be the host to return its type ID, but if your mouse does not support the three-dimensional model, that is, if your mouse is just a two-dimensional mouse, it returns to the host of the type of ID will be 0, so the host can know what mouse you use the type of mouse, and thus that should receive three or four packets. With the experiment will performance standards only two-dimensional mouse, if you are interested, you can make changes to the program to make it support the three-dimensional mouse.
Now, let's look at how the packet is received by the host. in \interrupt handler, then the interrupt handler reads the data packets sent by the mouse.
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FF14 Power leveling
ffxiv powerleveling
她从小就知道帮奶奶做家务、下地干活、照顾弟弟
“妈妈在我不到3岁时就患上精神病,一直都没好。母亲病后,父亲常年在外打工不回家,对我们母女俩不管不问,家庭的重担落在年迈的奶奶身上。”石秀琴说。
石秀琴出生在安徽安庆一个贫寒家庭,从小就知道照顾自己,不让家人操心,还帮助奶奶做家务、下地干活、照顾弟弟。
因为家庭的贫困,石秀琴曾多次面临辍学。“我一定要上学,那才有更多的希望。”石秀琴坚信只有读书才能改变命运。
“为了省掉书本费,我就用别人的旧课本;为了节约餐费,我就在学校食堂打工;为了省去住宿费,我借住在同学家里。”一路走来的点点滴滴,石秀琴犹历历在目。她告诉记者,虽然当年考上了重点高中,可为了节省学费,照顾家里,她毅然选择了一所离家近的普通高中。2007年,石秀琴以优异的成绩考上了安徽师范大学物理系。
带着对家庭的挂念,怀着对未来的憧憬,石秀琴来到了安徽师范大学,开始了大学生活。然而,2008年,照顾妈妈的奶奶去世了,家里仅有的两间平房也意外被烧,妈妈不仅没了人照顾,连住的地方也没有了。亲戚们的推辞让石秀琴决定:带着妈妈上大学。
就这样,在学校教工宿舍区一间不到10平方米的小屋里,母女俩开始了新的生活。“终于有了落脚的地方,为了交房租,也为了让妈妈过得好一点,我利用课余时间做兼职、做家教。”每一天,石秀琴都生活在忙碌和奔波中,承受着来自学业和生活的双重压力。
女儿就是家的天
“生活教会了我有更重要的事情去做,不管是怎样的困难,总要认真对待”
为了让妈妈留在家里不乱跑,每天早晨上课前,石秀琴都会“交待”妈妈一上午的任务:这几件衣服洗一下,那些地方打扫一下……
“我是一个女孩子,我也想躺在父母的怀里撒娇,可生活教会了我有更重要的事情去做,不管是怎样的困难,总要认真对待。”面对压力,石秀琴从来都是笑着面对,没有一丝怨言。
2009年9月的一天晚上,石秀琴回来后发现妈妈不在家中,她忙跑到妈妈常去的地方寻找,但直到第二天凌晨4点,都没有发现妈妈的踪影。
“妈妈丢了,我就跟魂儿丢了一样,不知道该怎么办才好。”石秀琴说,此后的40天里,她跑遍了芜湖的大街小巷,拿着妈妈的照片,挨家挨户地询问。国庆假期,她只身一人到南京、杭州等地寻找,可依然没有妈妈的下落。这时候,石秀琴的着急也变成了安徽师范大学不少同学的挂念,班上大部分同学参加了石秀琴的寻母行动。功夫不负有心人,一位记者答应帮她在电视上寻亲。两周以后,妈妈终于找到了!
“见到妈妈的时候,她又瘦又脏,非常憔悴,我的心里一阵酸。”石秀琴和同学们抱着妈妈,哭成一团。
满怀希望去生活
“我想着一家三口团聚的那一天,妈妈也可以享受一下生活”
“感谢这么多好心人,是他们让我和妈妈重逢。”石秀琴说,“我经常会在睡觉前想着那些帮助过我的人,是他们给了我鼓励,支撑着我一直走下去。”去年元宵节,她为班上100多名同学煮了汤圆,送到各个寝室。
在石秀琴的家对面,住着一对年迈的夫妻,因为儿子意外去世,老两口无依无靠。石秀琴就常常抽空去看他们,陪他们说说话、聊聊天。
暑假带补习班的时候,石秀琴给那些交不起学费的孩子免去了学费。“看着那些穷苦的孩子高高兴兴来上学,我真的很满足、很开心。”石秀琴说。
尽管生活上遇到很多困难,石秀琴依然开朗、乐观,她的脸上永远都有给人信心和力量的笑容。“奶奶曾经告诉我,只要你对生活有热情,生活就会给你带来希望。”石秀琴说。
“她生活虽然辛苦,但学习一直没有放松,去年还拿到了奖学金。”石秀琴的一位同学告诉记者,“她是班级的生活委员,工作上尽职尽责,在大家的眼中,她是一个善良、阳光、宽容的人。”
因为弟弟在宁波打工,石秀琴打算带着妈妈去那里实习。“我会努力找到工作,那样的话就有条件给妈妈治病了。我想着一家三口团聚的那一天,妈妈也可以享受一下生活。”石秀琴坚定地说,“这一生,不管去哪里,我都会把妈妈带在身边。”