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now, the tire industry has more than 350 enterprises worldwide, over 70 countries and regions, the scale size of the four companies formed a phalanx. The world represented by the Big Three tire the first square, tire sales were 200 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for about half of world market share, technical term in the lead position. Tire sales in more than two billion U.S. dollars in tires from the world before the 13 strong 10 tire composition of the second phalanx (total 35 billion U.S. dollars), also essentially multinational conglomerates. They, together with the first phalanx has reached over 100 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 70% of the position, supporting the tire industry. Their plants in five continents, with strong financial strength, technical strength and market power, a strong position in the competition, each formed their own development strategies.
other tire business more than 60 formed by the third square, total sales of more than 300 billion dollars was only slightly higher than the second phalanx, and only half of the first phalanx, as three square (tire 75 strong) is beyond the 275 square small tire, total annual sales of only 50 billion. Four square and the size of the enterprises, form a clear contrast. Tire industry intensive, (...) , globalized, tire businesses large, multinational and a group has become the general trend of the tire industry.
1 development strategy
1.1 enterprise groups, transnational
today's world, called \segments have formed from two billion to more than 10 billion U.S. dollars on the autonomy of the assets and realize the direction of the grouping into multiple types of enterprise groups. They not only have a very strong own funds, the annual profit margin generally 100 000 000 -10 100 million U.S. dollars in the above, and all of the stock market, full use of social funds for development, most have their own finance companies to implement asset management, can raise substantial funds, and improving capital strength, focus on the development of syndicated business and other enterprises related to the form of shares to be controlled.
such large tires feature the largest enterprise groups in the face of domestic and international markets, to global development strategy of a large scale to the world, achieved transnational. Their company has dozens of countries across five continents and regions, most of the cloth in overseas factories, production capacity accounted for 30% to the headquarters of more than 70%. For most of the implementation of local native plants overseas, a flexible development strategy, seek integration into the host societies, vigorously expand local market share, and some even become its pillar industries. In order to protect secret technology, stick to business enterprises must orifices and promote the unique culture, these enterprises are wholly owned and methods. Even a small number of joint ventures, but also in absolute control of the state.
2008 global tire company annual sales of more than 2 billion U.S. dollars at the manufacturers has increased to 13 to form the first (20 billion U.S. dollars or more enterprises) and the second of two square (2.0 billion - 10 billion U.S. dollars enterprises). Profit reached 400 million, respectively, and 050 000 000 -5.0 -20 100 000 000 billion. Table 1.
Currently, Continental, Bridgestone's sales in Japan reached 30 billion U.S. dollars have been over, Michelin and Goodyear have all more than 20 billion U.S. dollars, becoming the world's top 500 enterprises. Appeared in the September 2008 world financial crisis, some of its tire sales, Bridgestone 254 million, down 4.6%, Michelin is recalling 240 U.S. dollars, down 2.7%; Goodyear 500 million U.S. dollars for the nitrate , down 0.8%; China 95 billion, up 1.2%. The first time exceeded 2 billion U.S. dollars into the 13 strong sales mark in China Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber (21 billion), up a staggering 64.2% rate, replacing the previous year GITI status.
enterprise sales margins generally around 3% -6%, such as Bridgestone, Michelin, Pirelli, Sumitomo Rubber, Hankook tires. Low as Goodyear, Kumho Tires only 0.9%, 2.5% Yokohama Rubber, rubber high as 8.8% are new, the mainland reached 10.1%. The profit was there in September 2008 by the world financial crisis, almost showing a negative spared extremely difficult business in the state. Compared to last year, the profits of what the Big Three tire reduced 24% N60%, other 10 enterprises is 28% -64% reduction, Goodyear, continental, Pirelli, solid Perkin tires, Kumho Tires h ave Large losses have occurred, and only Michelin, Bridgestone, Toyo Tire and Rubber are a few new remained profitable.
Nevertheless, the first and second phalanx large tire companies to weather the financial crisis, risk-resisting ability is still much greater than the third phalanx of general tire. In the third phalanx of the 62 under general tire, unless the Chinese mainland and Taiwan 18 5 enterprises, the other foreign companies in sales of 39 1 / 4 of the above are decreased, reducing by as much as 10 % -30% profit is most of the deficit. As a result, show that a large group of multinational tire companies superiority and better able to deal with unexpected events.
the world China's tire industry output accounted for 1 / 3, the number of firms ranked first in the world, there are 19 enterprise groups, including four listed companies for the stock. But in general, small-scale enterprises, there is no one going so far as an international multinational corporations. Although 19 has entered the world top 75 tire first three squares, accounting for 25% of high-volume, but 18 of them are concentrated in the third square, and only one in 2009 just to squeeze into the world tire The second square, and came in last. The first square is still empty. Second largest square in the wing of Hangzhou Rubber, 2008, annual sales for the first time more than two billion U.S. dollars, the number of only two tire plants, compared with the first phalanx is still a considerable gap.
1.2 plant specialization and large-scale
rubber and plastics, according to U.S. News statistics, in 2009 in 70 countries and regions worldwide total of 350 tire, a total of 499 tire factories. Companies in North America, 25 of which 57 plants, 22 companies in 32 Latin American plants, 69 companies in Europe 112 factories, 254 companies in Asia 194 factories, 16 companies l19 African factories, the Middle East 22 enterprises in 23 factories, Oceania 2 Enterprise 2 Factory. The statistics, China has 82 companies and 96 factories. But in fact, China's tire production capacity only to that reached more than 400, a named above at 600. The number of Chinese tire industry for more than the sum of the world as the world tire companies and factories than any other country.
largest tire factory production has reached an annual output capacity of 25 million (annual consumption of plastic 150 000 t), the smallest for the 150 000 (annual consumption of plastic 1500t). Global annual production capacity of 1.7 billion calculations, (...) , the average plant size 340 000. Plant production are two basic types: First, many varieties of small batch, from car tires (load, light trucks, by using) to the tire industry (industry, agriculture, engineering), and special tires (car, plane) and even a variety of motor Department of tires produced in the factory, usually small; second, less variety of high-volume, specialized production, usually only 1-2 types of tires, size and even six or more in annual output of 5,000,000 -1 000 million or more. Dang Jin six companies set a few countries, often under the Factories based in the demand for Guo Jia 地区 choose different scale approach Tan Zongdilaishuo, two types of plant Du toward specialization in large-scale Hua direction.
is generally believed that the minimum tire factory specialized economies of scale, by use, and light truck tire plant to 3 million, mainly by truck tire plant to 600,000 tires, special tire plant, including engineering, industrial and agricultural tires for the 200 000 -100 10 000, motorcycle tire plant to 5 million. However, these plants are in the planning and building of leaves great scope for Phase II and III can be prepared to wait for an opportunity to expand and develop. Most of the final scale to calendar and the mixer core devices as the basis for overall balance, the best economy of scale. Workers within the general control in 2500 and covers an area of not more than 100 hectares of rubber processing capacity of 50 000 -15 in million t.
recent years, the lowest production costs for the pursuit of profit maximization and business to achieve the stability of product quality and market supply are fast, to provide quality energy, environmental protection and efficient energy saving production requirements of modern enterprise, the factory has become specialized and large scale enterprises to big and strong an inevitable option. Now the major tire companies to establish their own group in a large tire production base in order to enhance competition in the increasingly intensifying international market position. The average capacity of a plant's equipment has reached 10 million (Passenger and light truck tires), and 2000000 (truck tires) above, the largest and even reached 20 million production level of 4 million. For many types and specifications of industrial organization of production difficulties, engineering and agricultural machinery such as tire factory, also began to face the direction of specialization, particularly in large and giant tire project has been designed specifically multi-plant production. Table 2.
49 subsidiary Bridgestone tire plant, and at least 12 tires for Nissan 30000 or monthly consumption of more than 6000t of rubber manufacturers, production accounts for more than half of all. Michelin tire factory in 55, 10 have reached the level of manufacturers, production accounts for 1 / 3. Goodyear tire plants in 41 existing in the nine for the large-scale plant production accounted for more than 2 / 3, the largest tire factory Lawton (U.S.) has 2,400 employees, Nissan Passenger tires 66000, Danville tire factory (U.S.) has 2,200 employees, Nissan truck tire 13000, Topeka tire plant (U.S.) has 1,400 employees, Nissan tires 7500 project.
second phalanx of the 10 tire enterprises are proud of the large tire factory which, the output accounts for 30% -80% even. China, Pirelli, Sumitomo Rubber, Korea Kumho Tire Taihe Passenger and light truck also has an annual output of 20 million tires, glue consumption over 100 000 t of the world's super-giant. Currently, manufacturers worldwide have been 10 such super-over. In the third square, the 62 14 tire enterprises have an annual output of 10 million, up 60,000 t rubber consumption over a large tire plant. Now China Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber, Triangle Group, Shandong Linglong Rubber, double-money groups, Aeolus tires have entered with a large tire factory production ranks. Plants, including the number of foreign enterprises in China, including, totaling as many as 13. 78 large global tire plant (27 tire enterprises), accounting for 17% of the position.
tire plant size, and on the main square in the face of the third replacement tire market, with many varieties of small batch-based tire businesses, is a big problem. Present in 62 companies, only 14 meet the requirements of large scale, and are in the world ranking within the top 30. Other companies are usually more for the integrated tire factory, a tire factory set up a professional production line, a way to turn a regular basis in order to achieve mass production, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Some more to be commissioned in the form of organizations like the production of a large collaboration between enterprises to play their equipment performance.
1.3 production series, and more attunement
society tens of thousands of used tires now standard varieties, often produced within an enterprise has more than 5000. They are used in automobiles, motorcycles and a variety of industrial machinery and vehicles, technical requirements are different, size and type. Generally 0.5-1.0m diameter, weight 5-50kg, while the smallest is 0.2-0.3m and 2-5kg, the largest up to 2-4m and 100-5000kg or more, so special equipment is also used in disparities. To facilitate the organization of production and a reasonable line, and often will be divided into automobile tire factory tire factory, tire factory engineering and agriculture, industry and motorcycle tire factory as well as aircraft and racing tires and other types of plants, or even broken down by use and light card tire factory, tire factory and a large truck tire plant and other special works projects.
product series, specialized production factory, the biggest advantage is a continuous uninterrupted year-round into mass production a few tires, save before and after replacement of varieties and production preparation, debugging time. Not only to improve processing efficiency, but also the quality of production has remained stable and controllable state. Meanwhile, a significant reduction of semi-finished materials of the type and amount of reserve, to save space area and managers, but also reduces the use of materials and the use of expired materials storage operation Shigu chance to discard materials on-site issue could be greatly improved.
specialized mass production also for the market demand, rapid delivery to implement real-time responsiveness, increase in a rapidly changing market, competitiveness, to ensure that the number of dominant position. For this reason, most of the market in the near necessary to establish the appropriate size of the logistics flow and circulation of more than tire dealer warehouse and supply points to any car manufacturer's new car to meet the local matching mine host vehicle repair replacement requirements. Group, the world's 10 largest tire companies set up factories in the world of transnational status, see Table 3.
tire production, capital and labor-intensive enterprises dual tire products is strong and inconvenient transportation supporting materials, the most suitable for local production and supply nearby. In order to complete the new tire and auto factories close, replace the new tires in a timely manner to meet the needs of the market, major international tire manufacturers are now almost all groups, the Ministry of cross-site production of global strategy. Demand for the country in areas of the corresponding tire factory, the proportion of overseas factories accounted for 30% -70%, not step also set up overseas headquarters or subsidiaries abroad, the enterprise internationalization.
the world's big three tire international enterprise the most influence in the international market, the largest of its sales accounted for nearly half of the world. Bridgestone 22 countries and regions in the world has 49 tire plants, headquarters of the local community in Japan is only 10 factories, overseas production accounted for more than 70%. Michelin's tire plants in 20 countries a total of 55 enterprises, 80% field output, based in France only eight tire plants. Goodyear company also expanded to 23 factories in 41 countries and regions, the most prosperous period of more than 60 factories across 28 countries, headquarters in the United States only 7 factories.
In addition, the mainland for the 21 factories in 15 countries, Pirelli for the 21 factories in 13 countries, Sumitomo Rubber 8 countries in 14 factories, Yokohama Rubber to 6 countries in 13 factories, Hankook Tire for the three countries, five factories, solid tires for the four countries Perkin 8 plants, Kumho Tires for the three countries, seven plants, their production overseas, the proportion of 60% -80% or more. In addition, Cheng Shin Rubber in three countries and regions have 6 tire factory, Toyo rubber in four countries have 6 tire factory, also based on the most overseas. Currently the first and second phalanx of 12 enterprise groups abroad tire with tire plant in China, the number was as many as 25, including 4 Bridgestone, Kumho 3, Michelin, Yokohama, Hankook , solid Perkin 2. With good tires included, now foreign investment has more than 30 tire plants more than production by use of birth accounted for 75% of the country, accounting for 25% of truck tires.
1.4 operating a diversified, international
Over the years, diversity has become a major tire business enterprise groups is another feature of globalization. First and second phalanx of the world's 13 major tire companies. There are 12 transnational achieved more than 70% implementation of diversification. Especially in the first seven beans is far away in front of their proportion of total sales for the tire, Bridgestone 75%, Michelin and Goodyear 95%, China 23%, 88% Pirelli, Sumitomo Rubber 83%, 78% of Yokohama Rubber. Tires has been involved in the field of production and operations, there are from the retread tires, industrial rubber products to the wire and cable, automotive. Components and rubber raw materials, additives and equipment, mold and so on. By expanding the range of rubber products, strengthening its support for capacity within, can increase corporate social status and market competition. 2008, the world's major tire production enterprise groups operating conditions of the international diversification, tires and tire production capacity and other products with sales of non-tire comparison, see Table 4.
world tire not only has the Big Three accounted for about half of the world's tire production and marketing capacity, concentrate the world's 2 / 3 of the large tire factory and distribution network across six continents, while expanding services and improving market influence, both in areas close to built up a substantial use of retread plant. If Bridgestone to one billion U.S. dollars in recent years, huge sums of money buy the largest U.S. group Bandag retread business, production accounts for half of the United States, with its technology to produce the world's retreading factory has more than 1,000, distributed to more than 110 countries around the world area. Michelin has the second largest U.S. corporate Oliver retreading company in the world set up more than 80 retread plants. Goodyear only North American retread of a land company that is 165. They were in the United States holds 45% .21% and 26.5% share.
Bridgestone not only the world's largest manufacturer of tires and retreading is also a global industrial giant rubber one of the five companies with annual sales of 3.75 billion U.S. dollars ranks fourth in the world. Who had long hung in the history of the world, according to the forefront of leading the world's non-tire rubber products industry for decades. Goodyear's non-tire rubber products accounted for sales of the previous century, the company once more than 10% of the total, one of the top 10 ranked industries, separated in 2007 after the establishment of Yang Weiss, 2008, reached 1.9 billion U.S. dollars, ranking first in the world 1l bit. China is more aggressively into non-tire rubber products to the mainland technology (ContiTech) in the name of the establishment of a large number of automotive rubber products factory sales in 2008 reached 3.969 billion U.S. dollars, occupying the top three ranks of non-tire rubber products .
non-tire rubber products in the top 50, there Mrs tires in recent years, separation of solid-solid re-Perot-Standard Automotive (2.594 billion U.S. dollars) ranks No. 7, Yokohama Rubber (975 million U.S. dollars) Section 17 , Toyo Rubber (859 million U.S. dollars) No. 21, Sumitomo Rubber (787 million U.S. dollars) Section 22. China is also involved in rubber machinery industry, the name of the mainland in machinery sales in 2007 of 11.6 billion U.S. dollars, 2008 to 10.8 billion U.S. dollars, ranking the world's rubber, 33 strong in the first 4 and 7. Pirelli has a world-famous cable manufacturer, Michelin and Hankook Tire produce their own wheels, Bridgestone is the world famous decorative materials inside and outside the car manufacturer
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